2019年全国3卷
第二部分 阅读理解(共两节，满分40分)
第一节 (共15小题;每小题2分，满分30分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
OPENINGS AND PREVIEWS
Animals Out of Paper
Yolo!Productions and the Great Griffon present the play by Rajiv Joseph，in which an origami(折纸术)artist invites a teenage talent and his teacher into her studio. Merri Milwe directs. In previews. Opens Feb.12.(West Park Presbyterian Church，165 W.86th St.212-868-4444.)
The Audience
Helen Mirren stars in the play by Peter Morgan，about Queen Elizabeth II of the UK and her private meetings with twelve Prime Ministers in the course of sixty years. Stephen Daldry directs. Also starring Dylan Baker and Judith Ivey. Previews begin Feb.14.(Schoenfeld，236 W.45th St.212-239-6200.)
Hamilton
Lin-Manuel Miranda wrote this musical about Alexander Hamilton，in which the birth of America is presented as an immigrant story. Thomas Kail directs. In previews. Opens Feb.17.(Public，425 Lafayette St.212-967-7555.)
On the Twentieth Century
Kristin Chenoweth and Peter Gallagher star in the musical comedy by Betty Comden and Adolph Green，about a Broadway producer who tries to win a movie star's love during a cross-country train journey. Scott Ellis directs，for Roundabout theatre Company. Previews begin Feb.12.(American Airlines Theatre，227 W.42nd St.212-719-1300.)
21. What is the play by Rajiv Joseph probably about?.
A.A type of art. B.A teenager's studio.
C.A great teacher. D.A group of animals.
22. Who is the director of The Audience?
A. Helen Mirren. B. Peter Morgan.
C. Dylan Baker. D. Stephen Daldry.
23. Which play will you go to if you are interested in American history?
A. Animals Out of Paper. B. The Audience.
C. Hamilton. D. On the Twentieth Century.
答案解析：
21. 根据文章中关于Animals Out of Paper的描述，提到了一个origami artist(折纸艺术家)，所以这个剧很可能是关于一种艺术形式，即折纸术。因此，选项A是正确的。
22. 在The Audience的介绍中，提到了"Stephen Daldry directs."，说明这部剧是由Stephen Daldry导演的。因此，选项D是正确的。
23. 如果对美国历史感兴趣，应该选择 Hamilton，因为文章中提到这是关于Alexander Hamilton的音乐剧，而且提到了"the birth of America"，这与美国历史相关。因此，选项C是正确的。
2019年(全国3卷)
B
For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative.
"It's no secret that China has always been a source(来源)of inspiration for designers," says Amanda Hill, chief creative officer at A+E Networks, a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion(时尚)shows.
Earlier this year, the China through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art, with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics(美学)on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries. The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.
"China is impossible to overlook," says Hill. "Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion — they are central to its movement. "Of course, only are today's top Western designers being influenced by China-some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese." Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galiano, Albaz, Marc Jacobs-and beating them hands down in design and sales," adds Hil.
For Hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion. "The most famous designers are Chinese, so are the models, and so are the consumers," she says. "China is no longer just another market; in many senses it has become the market. If you talk about fashion today, you are talking about China-its influences, its direction, its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways."
24.What can we learn about the exhibition in New York?
A. It promoted the sales of artworks. B. It attracted a large number of visitors.
C. It showed ancient Chinese clothes. D. It aimed to introduce Chinese models.
25.What does Hill say about Chinese women?
A. They are setting the fashion. B. They start many fashion campaigns.
C. They admire super models. D. They do business all over the world.
26.What do the underlined words "taking on" in paragraph 4 mean?
A. learning from B. looking down on C. working with D. competing against
27.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Young Models Selling Dreams to the World
B.A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York
C. Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics
D. Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends
答案解析：
24. 根据文章第三段提到的"The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences."，可以得知这个展览吸引了大量参观者。因此，选项B是正确的。
25. 根据文章第三段中Hill的话："Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion — they are central to its movement."，可以推断出Hill认为中国女性正在引领时尚潮流。因此，选项A是正确的。
26. 在第四段中，"taking on"后面提到了一些西方著名设计师，并且说中国的设计师们在设计和销售上击败了他们，所以"taking on"在这里的意思是“与…竞争”。因此，选项D是正确的。
27. 文章主要讲述了中国文化对国际时尚界的影响，包括中国美学对西方时尚的影响，中国模特和设计师在国际时尚界的地位，以及中国成为时尚市场的重要性。因此，选项D "Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends"是一个合适的标题。
C
Before the 1830s,most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America, usually $8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.
The trend, then, was toward the "penny paper"-a term referring to papers made widely available to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.
This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible(but not easy)to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830,but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer's office to purchase a copy. Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years, street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny-usually two or three cents was charged-and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents. But the phrase "penny paper " caught the public's fancy, and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.
This new trend of newspapers for "the man on the street" did not begin well. Some of the early ventures(企业)were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, people who were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.
28.Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before the 1830s?
A. Academic. B. Unattractive. C. Inexpensive. D. Confidential.
29.What did street sales mean to newspapers?
A. They would be priced higher. B. They would disappear from cities.
C. They could have more readers. D. They could regain public trust.
30.Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at?
A. local politicians. B. common people.
C. Young publishers. D. Rich businessmen.
31.What can we say about the birth of the penny paper?
A. It was a difficult process. B. It was a temporary success.
C. It was a robbery of the poor. D. It was a disaster for printers.
答案解析：
28. 根据文章第一段中的描述，"They were dull and visually forbidding."，可以推断出当时的报纸在视觉上并不吸引人，因此选项B "Unattractive"是最佳描述。
29. 文章第三段提到，街头销售使得报纸可以被公众广泛获取，这意味着报纸可能有更多的读者。因此，选项C "They could have more readers."是正确的。
30. 文章第二段提到了"penny paper"-a term referring to papers made widely available to the public，这意味着新趋势的报纸是针对普通大众的。因此，选项B "Common people."是正确的。
31. 文章最后一段提到，这种新趋势的报纸起初并不顺利，一些早期的企业立即失败了，而且需要一些年轻且大胆的商人来推动这个变化。这说明便士报纸的诞生是一个困难的过程。因此，选项A "It was a difficult process."是正确的。
D
Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward.
Here's how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example.
After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.
When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate(低估)a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value—sometimes choosing, for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6. The underestimation was systematic: When adding two numbers, the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two, and then added only a fraction(小部分)of the smaller number to it.
"This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains, "Dr. Livingstone says. “But in this experiment what they're doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one.”
32. What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them?
A. They fed them. B. They named them.
C. They trained them. D. They measured them.
33. How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment?
A. By drawing a circle. B. By touching a screen.
C. By watching videos. D. By mixing two drinks.
34. What did Livingstone's team find about the monkeys?
A. They could perform basic addition. B. They could understand simple words.
C. They could memorize numbers easily. D. They could hold their attention for long.
35. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?
A. Entertainment. B. Health. C. Education. D. Science.
答案解析：
32. 根据文章第二段，"A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols..."，研究人员在测试之前对猴子进行了训练。因此，选项C "They trained them."是正确的。
33. 文章第三段描述了实验过程，"If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded..."，说明猴子通过触摸屏幕来获得奖励。因此，选项B "By touching a screen."是正确的。
34. 文章第四段提到，"After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation..."，这表明猴子能够进行基本的加法运算。因此，选项A "They could perform basic addition."是正确的。
35. 文章讨论的是一项科学实验，涉及动物行为和认知能力的研究，因此最有可能出现在报纸的科学版块。因此，选项D "Science."是正确的。
